Blistered Toe

We wander away from the Seasons to check out a 5.11G that Todd has imagined is down there somewhere and run into a fascinating looking short corner/crack capped by a small roof crowned by a long, steep vertical crack. What’s this?

Todd checks the book. This is Blistered Toe (5.8G) and I’m standing under the direct start, rated 5.9+. I think it’s swell-looking.

“Do you want to do it?” Todd asks me.

“You mean me lead it?” I ask nervously.

“No.”

But I do want to lead it. I know that 5.9+ is a little stiff for me but all the difficulties are obvious from the ground and well-protected. Then the higher stuff will only be 5.8 and not that 5.8-ish crap that people who can lead 5.10 assign to anything that’s not the crux but honest-to-goodness, says-it-right-there-in-the-guidebook 5.8.

“I can lead this,” I say. We rack up.

A couple appears from around the corner. “Up or down?” the guy asks us. “Up,” we tell him. “Too bad,” he tells the woman he’s with. “You’d like this route. It’s a lot nicer than it looks.”

Nicer than it looks! How could that be?

I step up to the start. Hmmmm. How exactly does one leave the ground on this route?

Another pair appears from the other direction. “What’s this?” they ask. They stay to watch. This is getting frustrating. Somehow, because I’ve never climbed in this section of the Gunks before, I had this little idea that I’d discovered this stunning line. Now I’ve got four people watching me and I’ve just realized that I can’t even make the first move.

“Do you want to put a piece in from the ground?” Todd asks me.

Why, yes. Yes, I do. Standing on my tippy-toes I manage to fiddle in a nut, not easily since it’s at the very end of my reach. Todd offers to do it for me, but no, that would be cheating. I place the nut myself, not wholly satisfied with it but aware that I’ll only need to make a move or two before I can get another piece in.

I take a deep breath, try to block the crowd of spectators out of my mind, and step up off the ground. This is brutal. I get my fingers in next to the nut and make two powerful moves to get my hands on top of a horizontal. Gear. Shit. There are no feet under me. How am I supposed to put gear in here?

I try to wedge a hip into the corner under the roof and get just enough relief from it to fiddle a cam into the pocket that’s so obvious from the ground. It’s a really round pocket and I’m not happy with the way some of the cams tip out. I reverse the cam and am no happier. I’m hanging on here forever.

Suddenly I hear a voice below me. “I’ve got you spotted. Don’t worry. We’ve got you.” Now I’m glad I have an audience. I relax a little and clip the cam, still not totally satisfied but convinced that I can’t get a better placement there. A cheer goes up. I get one foot level with the roof and start to move up. One or two more moves and I’ll be done. The crowd exhorts me on.

I can’t do this.

I’m at the spot where I thought I’d be done but I’ve run out of holds. I downclimb back to my last piece and hang on it, carefully. The helpful guy tells me where I can get another piece in and I pump myself out doing it, then place a third while I’m hanging.

I now believe that I probably have good enough gear to fall on. Probably. That’s the rub. Each time as I pull myself back up to my high point I can feel the moment when Todd lets slack out for my next move up and I panic. I need to let go with my right hand and I can’t. I try every which way. The rock below the roof is some of the smoothest I’ve ever slid off. My feet paddle against it like I’m wearing bunny slippers instead of sticky rubber.

Finally I admit that I can’t do it and lower off. So why am I going back up? I don’t know. I’m just that stubborn. I should be able to lead this route. I can climb 5.10 and the gear is right there. Only I can’t even get back up there. The first move off the ground stumps me. The next few moves are too hard and I hang after each one. By the time I’m finally at the level of my top piece again I understand, for real this time, that I can’t do it and lower off again.

Todd takes over. He moves quickly to my top pieces, gives them the once over, and then goes left! Left!? What the hell is that?

When it’s my turn to follow, I go left too. I pull over the roof and stop. “That’s just so wrong,” I say. He lowers me back down and I try again to pull straight over the roof. Eventually I get it, but not without a lot of falling. OK, so I couldn’t lead this route.

The top of the route is nice. This, I could have led.

The beginning of the end of the beginning

Am I going to lead Pink Laurel? Sometimes I think I spend most of my time at the Gunks beneath some route or other wondering if I’m going to lead it.

The problem with the Gunks is that every route has a story, a whole collection of associations, that goes along with it.

The first time I climbed Pink Laurel (5.9) was one of my first days out climbing with Todd alone, before we were dating. It was a cold winter day with snow on the ground and we had the place mostly to ourselves. As I was starting up to follow Todd’s lead, some guy wandered by.

“Where can I find a woman like that?” he asked Todd as he watched me pull smoothly through the crux. I’ve always figured that was the moment that Todd fixed his mind on me.

The next time I climbed Pink Laurel it was a little greasier, a lot harder, and I couldn’t figure out how to move out of the alcove. Finally, after a bunch of aggravating flailing, I found an elegant low-effort chimney sort of way. My mood was salvaged by having the chance to talk another flailing second through it later in the day. The patient, but growing frustrated, leader called down his thanks to me. Unfortunately, she got stuck at the next move too. The move out of the alcove is the trickiest, but not nearly the hardest.

Who knows how many times I climbed Pink Laurel after that. The route is a favorite of Todd’s. Sometimes it would be harder, sometimes easier. One day I decided to lead it.

At 5.9G, and as a route I was totally familiar with, it wasn’t a bad choice for an early 5.9 attempt. Unfortunately, it didn’t go well. After sketching my way up the unprotected easy start, I fell on the move coming out of the alcove (so much for my no-fail shoulder scum method) then got to the end of the crux, placed a crummy black Alien that came out when I pulled on it to test it, panicked, downclimbed back through the crux, hung, and eventually lowered. That was the last day I ever led anything with confidence.

Todd said that if I’d just put my hand where I tried to put the Alien, it would have been all over.

So am I going to lead Pink Laurel?

It’s the other people who are with us today who make up my mind. No, they don’t try to talk me into it. It’s their presence alone. Barry’s leading 5.6 and 5.7. Andrei’s leading 5.7 and 5.8. Everyone is moving up but me. It’s time I moved forward again.

With the bomber cam that protects the move out of the alcove in place, I’m ready to begin. How does this work again? The whole shoulder scum thing is a mystery to me today. I grab the edge and layback up, the way Todd always does it, the way I’ve never done it. Perhaps it’s a better move, perhaps it leaves my body in a better position, perhaps I simply choose a better set of feet for my stem. Whatever the reason, the hand-swallowing hole for my left hand feels better than it ever has.

I place a nut.

“Can you place one higher?” Todd asks.

Certainly I’d like to, but the second nut doesn’t want to go in. I’m getting tired here, occasionally giving my left hand a break from the hole by putting it on an edge over my shoulder, then shifting my feet to different holds as they start to ache. Finally, just as I’m contemplating hanging off the first nut, I get another one in.

Now what? Do I commit or do I quit? There’s a good-looking foothold up by my knee. Have I ever seen that hold before? I think that if I just stand up on that foot I’ll be able to undercling the edge of the crack up there and then I can put another piece in. I stand up on the foot and undercling the little flake. This stance sucks. But I see another good-looking foothold at my knee again. Have I ever seen that hold before? I think that if I just stand up on that foot I’ll get a good stem and then I can put another piece in.

I stand up on the foot and stem. Now this is more like it. I could stand here and place gear all day. I put in a gorgeous nut, then, as I’m preparing to move up on it, I look to my left.

My God, it’s true. There’s the horizontal crack where I placed the black Alien. This is where I panicked. Why was I so stressed at this stance? Why was I even trying to place a black Alien when I had the option of slotting this bomber nut?

I don’t know whether I even use the horizontal to the left as I make the last move to the ledge. I stand up and lean my forehead against a block and take several deep breaths, feeling the cool rock against my skin and the ground solid under my feet. I don’t know whether to laugh or cry. I just know that I’ve made it here at last.

Me starting up Alphonse (5.8) with Andrei belyaing
Me starting up Alphonse (5.8) with Andrei belyaing

Me leading the first pitch (5.6) of Alphonse (5.8)
Me leading the first pitch (5.6) of Alphonse (5.8)

Trashcan Overhang

Among other things, we played around on Trashcan Overhang (5.11-, aka Hudson Boulder Problem, V1). Check out the pictorial.

Bouldering at Ice Pond

We go bouldering at Ice Pond and find a nice big boulder that is pleasantly vertical with flat landings, unlike most of the stuff there. The boulder is chalked, so we’re not the first ones to find it but we have no idea what any of the problems are – just pick a likely looking line and start up it.

After a warmup problem that is neither too hard nor too scary, we move the pad down to one that turns out to be a lot harder and scarier than it looks. Todd sails right up to the sticking point. It takes me a lot of trying, encouragement, and beta to get there, but once I’m there I find a way to push the line a little higher.

All I have to do is stand all the way up on that slopey right foot and I’ll be able to reach the lip of the boulder. I stand up, but only to the point where I need to let go with my right hand, which I can’t bring myself to do. I jump from that point a couple of times, thinking that jumping will give me the confidence to let go, but it doesn’t. Then I try downclimbing, which I can do but that isn’t so much of a confidence builder either – knowing you can downclimb under control doesn’t help you face that moment of no return, the point at which control is lost.

Of course, this is the whole point of going bouldering – trying moves I don’t know if I can do in situations where falling is safe. So I do it. I let go and go for the top. The next thing I know I’m sliding down the rock, then hitting the pad, then lying on the ground breathing hard.

Falling is different from jumping. Jumping is rock, air, pad. Falling is rock, rock, rock as you slide down it, then the pad, not quite square, then tipping over and leaves in your hair and a funny scrape on the back of your hand – how the hell did that get there? – but it’s still safe.

I try a couple more times, shaking, refusing to let go again.

“Now that I’ve fallen once, you’d think I wouldn’t be afraid to do it again,” I say to Todd, wishing it were true.

Once again, this is the whole point of going bouldering.

One last try, I tell myself. We’re both feeling the effects of the top, left hold on our fingertips. From the ground I think, if I could just get that hold as more of a sidepull, but once up there the best I can do is hook my pinky slightly around the crystal. I look my right foot carefully onto the high step. There’s the tiniest bit of an edge there, which I need. Once I’m stood up the initial smear won’t hold, as I learned while siding down the face. Rock onto the edge as you stand up, I tell myself.

I stand most of the way up. Do it, dammit. Let go. I do it. My hand is on top. I did it.

“Check your feet,” Todd warns, but my feet are OK now that I’ve touched the top and I’m not scared. The finishing mantle is easy. I’m a champion.

P.S. Cam*Smasher says this was probably Afterthought, V4. Yay me!

The Big Slide

Hensley speaks in black.   Dawn speaks in red.   Mike speaks in blue.


Hensley makes it all sound so simple.

Mike had mentioned that he and Dawn were planning to head to the ‘Daks

Mike said earlier in the week that Leemouse from Gunks.com might join us but I didn’t get a real name until the last email. Starts with an H, ends with a Y, definitely not Henry. Damn.

to do a 3 pitch slab climb, 5.7 or so. “Would I like to join them?” Given the predicted weather and the fall colors, I decided that I could escape from work for the day and make the trip. As we got closer and closer to the departure time, the details of the trip began to emerge. The hike in would be 3+ miles,

Somewhere along the 3.9 mile hike to Big Slide Mountain
Somewhere along the 3.9 mile hike to Big Slide Mountain

What kind of an idiot walks almost four miles each way to climb three pitches of 5.7? Count three idiots on this trip – one for each pitch as Mike would futilely point out later.

so we needed to head up the night before and camp out. Of course Mike had room in his tent for both Dawn and me (hmmmm). Mike and I met in Kingston and drove to meet Dawn outside Albany. Once we spotted her “sea foam” green car and piled in her bags

She introduced herself, of course. It just went by too quickly. Started with an H, ended with a Y, but I already knew that much. I was going to have to call her “hey you”, as in “hey you, you’re on belay.” Great.

(thankfully, she had even larger bags than me for the overnight – Mike had made fun of me but it turned out I was the only one who hadn’t brought a pillow from home), we were on our way north. We located a comfy campsite with headlamps

No one told me to bring a headlamp. Mike said something about sleeping in the car or pitching a tent by the side of the road – not 100 yards into the deep, dark woods – and we were only climbing three pitches the next day. Why would I bring a headlamp? Besides, I don’t have one. I got pissed at my Petzl Zoom because it never works because the batteries are always dead because it’s impossible to keep it turned off and when we got back from Cannon I pitched it in the trash in a fit of anger. Helmsley (Henley, Hennessy?) and Mike had to keep turning around to point out rocks and sticks for me. Finally, I was put between them like a small child who has to hold onto Mommy with one hand and Daddy with the other.

around midnight, and quickly fell asleep. Breakfast as planned at the Noonmark,

and Dawn left her fleece jacket as a tip

and then we were on the trail. Big Slide Mountain is 3.9 miles and 2800 vertical feet from the trailhead, and the spot where we would break off the trail and bushwhack to the base of the climb was just a few tenths of a mile from the summit. Mike tried to set a quick pace (assuming I, the smoker, would lag behind) but Dawn and I kept right up,

After hiking for approximately my entire life we stopped for some water and a view. Mike pointed out the Big Slide, somewhere in the next county, claiming that it was closer than it looked. Don’t let the photo fool you – that was taken on max zoom.

Big Slide Mountain looms in the distance on the approach
Big Slide Mountain looms in the distance on the approach

and we made good time. We entertained ourselves along the way

The last mile of the trail was a bit wet, and where it dipped over to the north side of the ridge there was up to 2 inches of snow from the previous weekend’s cold weather. We threw our ceremonial first snowballs of the season. C’mon winter!

(not what I was thinking)

trying to name routes in the Nears alphabetically: Alphonse, Birdland, Criss Cross, Disneyland, etc. Think it’s easy? Name a route starting with an N (in the Nears!). The trail at the base of the slab was treacherous,

I took my only fall of the day before I’d even put my harness on, an 8 foot tumble down the fern-covered slope

OK, I laughed. I’m sorry. But if you’d seen him sliding down that grassy slope like it was a greased kiddy slide, you would have laughed too.

but the bushwhack was quick. We immediately spotted an obvious line of bolts leading up the slab (which really is more accurately described as a low angle face, not a slab). But after much consulting of a grainy photo,

Mike at the first bolt on the first pitch of the Slide (5.7)
Mike at the first bolt on the first pitch of Slide Rules (5.7)

I really gotta learn how to see bolt hangers on gray stone!

we determined that the bolts were on Freudian Slip (a supposed 5.9) and not the route we had intended. Our route was a little less obvious,

I kept insisting that the route with the nice bolts every 10 feet wasn’t ours. “If Mike wants to lead the 9, that’s fine with me,” I said, “but he should know what he’s getting into.”

but after lots of peering, we spotted two bolts

There are three principal routes on this face: the 5.5 friction route that Fritz Wiessner climbed nearly half a century ago on the left side of the face, which according to the old guidebook suffers from poor anchors; and two more modern, i.e. bolted, lines on the steeper right side of the face, Slide Rules 5.7 and Freudian Slip 5.9. Being my first visit to this face, I opted for the easier of these, but Mellor’s descriptive “two bolts per pitch” was never far from my mind.

waaay up the route we were looking for. Armed with an alpine rack,

4 TriCams and a fistful of wired stoppers

Mike, our fearless

ha!

leader, headed out. Such creative gear use! Mike placed nuts in opposition and behind creaky flakes

I’ll say. Watching Mike lead I thought he’d gotten a decent amount of gear in. Following the pitch, I realized that none of the gear was decent. Every flake creaked, every hold crumbled beneath my hands. Even on toprope I weighted the holds nervously.

Dawn and Hensley at the first belay
Dawn and Hensley at the second belay

to supplement the two bolts on the first pitch. I followed up next, and Dawn cleaned the pitch to join us at a hanging belay. Mike continued to place creative gear

I think fear, not necessity, is the mother of invention

on the second pitch, which continued up nice clean, knobby rock. All the while, we kept looking left at the line of Freudian Slip. Once at the second belay, which is shared with FS, we couldn’t help but admire the line. We all agreed that we had the time and the interest in trying it out. A full 60m rope length allowed us to lower to the base again and each of us climbed the two pitches of Freudian Slip. Absolutely outstanding

This was the best face climb I’ve ever done in the Adirondacks.

climbing! Never too difficult,

And it’s 5.8 not 5.9. This was subsequently confirmed by Ed Palen of the FA party.

but almost every move was interesting and fun. A terrific climb,

I should have shut up and let Mike lead the 9.

highly recommended. We had planned to rap back down to our packs,

The Mellor guidebook shows the route finishing straight up from the second belay. While only 30 feet, it was hopelessly plastered with moss and grunge.

Mike leading the imaginary third pitch
Mike leading his variation of the third pitch

but Mike was interested in leading out a traverse under a flake for a good photo op, and so set off from the belay. Once out at the end of the traverse, he looked up, and made a snap decision to continue upwards to the top of the slab. Neither Dawn nor I could see where he was headed. When he had only 20 feet rope left, I called up to him to let him know. A mere ten seconds later, he called back “off belay.” We looked at each other and shrugged –

The ever-increasing rope drag, due mostly to the dead spruce tree I climbed around three sides of, was bringing me to a screeching halt. (Fact – the name “spruce” comes from the Latin word “sprucae” which means “rope drag”.) It was all I could do to pull myself up into the woods and throw a loop of rope around the first tree I came to. At that point it didn’t matter if I had 20 or 120 feet of rope left; I wasn’t going any further.

“guess he knew he was out of rope.” I headed up across the traverse, easy but airy, and up the knobby face where he had gone. Once I turned the corner, I was a little confused – the rope led up and around another corner, but I could not see Mike anywhere. Once I got around the final corner, I could see why – Mike had squirmed up a mudbank into thick pine scrub

Without a doubt the most manky bit of climbing I’ve ever done, easily beating out the upper pitches of Maxine’s Wall (5.10, Yosemite).

to set up the belay. Ugh! I grabbed a tree, mossy wet rock, finally got my foot on a spongy tuft of grass,

Welcome to the Adirondacks!

and heaved myself into the thicket. As soon as I was there, Mike headed off through the brush to scope out a likely spot to rap from, and I started hauling up the rope to belay Dawn. I could hear Mike cursing as he snapped through the brush, periodically calling out to Dawn

Hensley following the third pitch traverse
Hensley following the third pitch traverse

I’d confessed to Halley (Henskey, Homily?) that sometimes I get a little nervous about following traverses. When Mike yelled down to find out where I was along the traverse, I thought he was showing a really touching concern for my psychological welfare,

to try to get directly over the original anchor

but he wasn’t.

(why did we do another pitch again?) When Dawn joined me, she headed off in Mike’s direction while I cleaned the anchor. Although they later claimed to have broken trail for me through the brush,

“I don’t think my butt’s going through there,” I said to Mike, looking at where he had, for no comprehensible reason, run the rope between two trees spaced about eight inches apart.

Hensley rapping out of the jungle
Hensley rapping out of the jungle

it was no picnic. I think I still have twigs in my hair! It was fun to emerge from the brush into thin air over the slide. Two raps got us to the ground and our packs, and with only a couple of hours of light left, we decided to forgo the hike to the summit (after all, we had been within 100 feet) and head back to the car. The hike down

I told Hominy (Heresy, Hershey?) that she wasn’t at all like what I’d expected from the nickname Leemouse and she told me that she’d always wished people would shorten her name to Lee instead of Hens. I could see that, hens being a bit like chickens. Yes! Chickens + Leemouse = Hensley! Too bad the trip was almost over.

was faster but certainly harder on the knees

Hensley (got it!) complained on the way up that her right knee has no cartiledge or something so she has a hard time on the downhill stuff. I was smugly sympathetic. My knees have never bothered me going downhill. Of course, I’d never walked downhill for 3,000 feet in a row. By the time we got to the bottom, Mike and Hensley had left me in the dust and I felt like an 80 year old arthritic grandmother.

and feet. We were all glad to reach the car. All told, a fantastic trip – a great hike, terrific climb, amazing weather, good company, and no one snored (well, too loudly, anyway).

I told you she makes it sound simple.

Mike and Hensley, half way back down
Mike and Hensley, half way back down

Silhouette Direct

So we set out to do Limelight because it has a reputation for being somewhat hard and scary for 5.7 and I need to face my demons, in that I should be able to lead 5.7 even if it is hard and scary, but Limelight is booked solid and so I end up on a 5.7 that’s a little harder and a little scarier: Silhouette, 5.7+ PG/R.

Ouch. PG, OK. But R? No thanks. Best part is that it’s PG/R at the crux, still I figure I can go up and look around. Sometimes these PG routes are actually pretty well protected with modern gear.

It take me about nine years to get there because the blocky start I picked as an alternative to the 4th class ramp turns out to be trickier than it looked and I have to make this hideous sideways, humping, mantle-off-my-butt move to get up onto the slab beneath the route. Totally lacking in grace, and Todd is laughing at me, and I’m saying “no laughing until I’m safe” and he says that he’s very worried and really it would be an ugly fall if I came off here but when you’re actually sitting on the rock it’s hard to make your position look all that precarious.

Finally I’m on the slab and with that behind me I’m wondering if anything on the actual route will seem as challenging. I climb casually up the corner to the top of the flake where I have to start traversing left. I place two pieces here as they’re the only things between me and the ground and make the easy walk across the narrow ledge until I’m just below the crux.

I can’t get gear here, not even the smallest, ugliest brass nut. It looks like one hard move to get to solid holds and there’s just no way I’m willing to risk it. My last pieces, at least 15 feet to my right and at my feet, will keep me off the ground but they won’t keep me from slamming back into the blocky corner or the slab beneath it. I shuffle slowly back over to my gear.

It’s easy to get down from here, some straight-forward downclimbing and then I can walk back down the 4th class ramp I eschewed on the way up and clean the gear I placed at the alternate start from the ground. But I have an idea.

“I think I can place gear at my feet,” I tell Todd. I lower myself down until my hands are where my feet were and make the traverse again. It’s only slightly trickier at this level and when I’m directly under the crux again I’m able to put in one very good cam and one OK cam. Good enough.

Twice more across the void. I go back to the corner and clean the gear there. The rope drag would be too hideous otherwise. This means that I must have complete confidence in these two pieces. Do I? No, but I know that it’s only mental, so I forge on. Now back across, for the last time, I hope, to my crux gear. Stepping up onto the small ledge is tricky but the gear is right there for that move and then, coming up from below this way, I find a hold I’d missed on my first pass. If I’d found that hold before would I have gone for it? Maybe, but I’m just as glad to have the gear at my feet as I keep moving up.

Sure enough, the holds are solid and a few moves brings me to a stance and some gear. Definitely no worse than PG if protected this way.

Since I’ve lived so far I decide to do the 5.8+ roof variation, which I swear is nearly as hard as the roof on Jean, which everyone knows is a sandbag at 5.9, but it’s well protected (aside from wishing that I could put a piece somewhere other than on top of that flake) and goes with only minor hesitations. The climbing above the roof is very nice indeed, up disjointed vertical cracks, the last one of which is a real kicker. We skipped the rest of the route above the GT ledge but I can definitely recommend the first pitch (first two pitches according to the Swain guide).

Trashcan Overhang – A Pictorial

In which two people who can’t climb Trashcan Overhang demonstrate how to climb Trashcan Overhang . . .

Barry walks us through the opening moves.

Start on the super-slick ramp, worry that you’re going to fall off the approach because it’s so slippery, then step up onto solid feet and away you go.

That’s the first aid box you can see in the background. There isn’t actually a Trashcan there anymore and the first aid boxes should be safely out of any potential fall line.

Trashcan Overhang has been led, soloed, and bouldered. Today, Barry and I bravely toprope it.

Some of these moves are a little long for shorter folks but they’re basically just a prelude to the good stuff.

Fall off here and you’re going for a ride – just hope the ranger truck isn’t driving by or there’s going to be one strange accident report filed.

Barry is starting into the meat of the route now but his left hand is too low, so he’s screwed.
Since Barry never got much higher while I was taking photos, we continue with me. (I’ve flailed on this route before.)

My left hand has hit the sweet spot. Ignore all the rest of the chalk on that arete.

For me, the key to getting my left hand high enough to hit the target is getting my right hand far enough left on that undercling.

Smear your feet up the face (don’t bother looking for holds) until you can get the knee bar over your head. The knee bar probably doesn’t work very well if you’re either too short or too tall. I’m a little short as you can see by the fact that I have to be on my toes, but it’s good enough.

Bouncing your right foot higher to gain height, reach for the next hold with your right hand (my right hand is just below it).

This is really the start of the crux (for me, anyway). If you fall off here you can boink your way back on but you can’t regain the knee bar.

After getting the right hand, you have to cut your feet loose and re-establish them to your right. I’ve only managed to do this once without falling.

The goal is to get your left hand onto that horn (or anywhere along the rail)

I’m too weak to lock off so I do a right heel hook on a small edge just above my right hand before reaching up with my left but most guys skip that step.

With both hands on the rail, heel hook your left foot. No, I mean really heel hook it, like heel hook your whole stinking leg.

Todd calls this a “rest”. You should at least be able to shake out and chalk each hand.

Your right hand is aiming for that small notch in the pointy arete, which is the last really hard move.

Roll up onto your left leg until you can get your hands in the small horizontal. Once your right foot is over the roof (as seen here), it’s all over.

Yeah, there’s one more roof to conquer but trust me, it’s kiddie stuff in comparison and you can have a good, long, no-hands rest first.

This move produced heinous bruises on the inside of my leg, all the way from my lower calf to my upper thigh.

This is the bruise/contusion the knee bar move made, but I did make three attempts at the route that day.
If you do the route in style you probably walk away unscathed, but I may never know.

Trashcan Overhang, 5.11- (aka Hudson Boulder Problem), the Gunks, New York. I took the pictures of Barry and he took the pictures of me.

Two-Sided Face of Fear

Rumney

“We’ll do hard stuff,” I promise. “I’ll lead it myself.”

I’m trying to talk Todd into a trip to Rumney with the Connecticut gym folks. He didn’t like Rumney the last time we went for several reasons, one of which was that the group gravitated towards walls with easy routes. To make matters worse, he’s recovering from a finger injury, having only just gotten permission from his doctor to climb again after a cortisone shot two weeks ago. I vow to be his rope gun.

“I’m going to catch big air,” I tell him, trying to get into this sport climbing thing.

To myself I cross my fingers and say, “I’m strong, I’m confident, and bolts are good,” a perversion of the trad climbing mantra I learned from Theresa on rec.climbing, “I’m strong, I’m confident, and my gear is good.”

“Nothing under 5.8,” he bargains.

“Maybe an 8 for a warmup but that’s all,” I agree. Even I can admit that 5.8 sport is pretty tame. Is it all psychological or do they really rate bolted routes that much softer?

So when Todd points to Dolt, 5.9, as our first route Saturday morning I can only smile and feel relieved. It’s not an 8, but at least I don’t have to jump straight onto a 5.10. Frankly, I don’t expect to have much trouble on it but the route is cruxy and the last crux nearly stumps me. I move up and down several times before reminding myself that I have a bolt at my waist and a mandate to learn to fly.

I commit to the move and pull it. No air time this time.

Todd pulls the rope and leads through my draws, swapping some out for two-footers to alleviate the horrible rope drag I had. (Dolt isn’t one of those straight-up sport climbs.) When he pauses near the top I feel better about almost being stymied by this 5.9. Perhaps it’s a little sandbagged compared to other routes at Rumney – real 5.9 rather than sport 5.9.

Our next route, Jolt (5.10a), confirms this. Everyone in the party agrees that Dolt was cruxier, Jolt more straightforward.

Looking for an open route in the 10 range we wander uphill into a little rock alcove where we find Hot Head (5.10c) available. As we set up a nearby climber scurries over to clean her gear from the area where we’re flaking the rope.

“It’s only 5.9 if you stop at the first anchor,” she says, “but it’s a really nice route either way.”

“First anchor?” I ask. The book says nothing about this.

She points out the anchor at the top of the off-vertical wall. Yes, I’ve seen that. Then her finger drifts out right along the gargantuan roof that caps the wall. Oh. I hadn’t seen that.

“You can go to the top if you want,” I tell Todd. “I may just stop at that first anchor.” Sure, I was going to challenge myself this weekend, but a 10c roof? I don’t think so.

The lower part isn’t really all that inspiring. The crux seems to be deciding whether to climb to the left of the bolts or the right of the bolts and to make a fair judgement as to when you’ve crossed onto the 5.7 route next door. When I almost step on someone else’s hand I realize I’ve drifted too far to the left and drift over to the right for a while.

I reach the first set of anchors without ever having felt particularly challenged and clip both bolts. Am I going up or down? I wish I could clip the next bolt, which is a long stinking ways away at the lip of the roof. There aren’t even any holds here. There’s the horizontal crack where the slab meets the short head wall. That’s where I am now. Then there’s another horizontal crack where the short head wall becomes the roof. That’s about 10 feet away. Well, six. Well, four maybe. Whatever. I still can’t reach it.

Ah, the undercling. Underclings are truly amazing things. Using the crack as a bomber undercling for one hand I manage to get my other hand into the higher crack. From there I make a dizzying over the shoulder clip, looking for all the world like someone in the mags with one hand and one foot on and my body splayed out half horizontally.

I’m safe but kind of committed. Now that I’ve clipped the bolt I really have to try this roof. For one thing, I don’t think I can get down. I throw one hand over the roof, find something semi-decent, and start to pull up on it. I’ll never do it. I don’t have the strength. The clock is ticking. Then something amazing happens. One of my feet goes up to the roof and starts to heel hook. It’s working! I’m being pulled up. I can reach the next hold.

I’ve never heel hooked on lead before. Truthfully, I’ve never convincingly heel hooked anywhere before, not even in the gym. Usually the foot goes up because someone on the ground told it to and then it wonders what it’s doing up there and if it wouldn’t perhaps be of more use down below where feet belong. But today my right foot is a hero.

The route isn’t over yet. Even with both hands over the roof I’ve got some pulling to do. The heel hooked foot gets launched the rest of the way over the roof into a whole-leg scum where I roll/mantle onto it. I’m 5′ 4″ of person stuffed into a 2 foot space. Suddenly I’m glad I’m not a 6′ person. Somehow I squiggle around until I can clip the bolt, and then the next, as I crab-walk across the claustrophobic crawl space, around the corner, and into the open.

Waahooo!

“That was the best thing I ever led,” I say the moment my feet hit the ground. I’m full of myself, brimming over with pride. Luckily for me, one of our party, Gary, is equally excited by my feats of strength.

“I wish I’d had a camera,” he keeps saying. “That heel hook was something.” I’m deeply appreciative of how often he repeats this sentiment throughout the weekend. It’s much nicer to bask than to brag but my success on Hot Head is never far from my mind.

Todd chooses to toprope it. “It’s the only way we’ll get the draws off,” he says. Hmmmm. “If I come off here you may have to lower me all the way down,” he warns as he gets ready to start the roof sequence.

“OK,” I say. I’d suffer any inconvenience, I’d climb the route again myself, to see him fall off this. Sadly, he doesn’t, seeming to find the crab walk harder than the roof and eschewing my heel hook move altogether.

Todd leads Chicken Parts (5.10a) and I get back at him by toproping it instead of pulling the rope. Then Todd and Barry play on a nearby 5.11d while I take a break. The rest of our party has moved on to Jimmy Cliff so we join them. There we find a line of who knows how many people waiting to either toprope or lead Lonesome Dove, a classic 10a arete route. And those are only the people in our own party.

Me on Chicken Parts (5.10a) at Rumney
Me on Chicken Parts (5.10a) at Rumney

I write Lonesome Dove off as hopeless and look through the guidebook for another 10 in the area. One of them, a 5.10c, strikes me as being my type of climbing from the description but it’s also short. “Short” was another one of Todd’s complaints from our last trip to Rumney so I decide to try Hammond Organ (5.10d) instead.

Now, I’ve never led a 5.10d cleanly. In fact, there are precious few 5.10d’s I’ve ever climbed cleanly, never mind on a first attempt. But I promised myself I’d take some falls this weekend and the lower bolts are reassuringly close together. The upper bolts, where the angle eases off, are another matter.

“I wish I knew if that was 5.4 runout, which is OK, or 5.8 runout, which is going to freak me out,” I mutter to someone. I don’t get an answer. Dan will only say that he climbed it cleanly once and Lisa warns me about reach problems for the bolts.

“Maybe Todd should lead it if his reach is longer,” she says.

“We have exactly the same reach,” he insists, which isn’t true. Then he relents. “I’ll lead it if you want,” he offers.

“No, no. It’s my turn,” I say. The trick with this route is that the guidebook says “the easiest climbing is to the right of the bolts. Climbed directly, it’s 5.11.” So I figure that if my reach isn’t long enough I’ll simply have to move onto 5.11 ground to clip. I can hang from a 5.11 clipping hold, can’t I? I think I can. But can I clip from a 5.11 clipping hold? Well, we’ll find out.

You have to climb up a ladder to get to the start of the route. “Ladder” is the term the book uses. I’d call it “nailed together twigs about to slide enmass down the slab.”

“Keep your feet over the nails,” Todd yells up. Really? The wood flexes out there. My feet are happier dead center between the nails. Soloing this ladder is the scariest thing I’ve done all day.

Dan agrees with Todd. OK. I try to keep my feet over the nails. I’m wishing we could have stick clipped the first bolt so that I’d be protected from this approach. The so-called ladder ends and I make the transition to climbing a tied off log with notches cut for holds. This is a little better as long as you believe that the log is going to stay tied in place.

When I get to real rock, I feel a lot safer. I change my shoes and climb onto the top of the block. Yes, I can clip from here. That was my main concern. I’m so far off the ground already I’m not willing to do anything dicey to make that first clip.

I make a few moves, staying pretty much directly in the bolt line because that’s where the holds seem to be.

“It would be good if you could clip from there,” Todd says. It doesn’t look feasible but I give it the old college try. Nope. At least four inches too short. I can see what he means though. The route is starting to trend right. I move my left foot up a little, press my right foot against a bump up at my waist, and clip the bolt mid move, then step back down and clip the rope.

“Good,” Todd says. “Nice going, Dawn,” I hear Lisa and Dan echo.

I climb some more until I’m nearly level with the next bolt. I reach left with a draw but can’t snag it. Frustrated, I eye the route above me. In one more move I’ll have my hands on that ledge, then I’ll be up and standing on it and I’ll have another bolt to clip. I briefly consider skipping this bolt but fear that I won’t be able to clip the next one either dissuades me.

Remembering my plan to climb the 5.11 if I need to, I cautiously move slightly left and am just able to snag the bolt without taking my right hand off the jug it refuses to relinquish.

“Good,” Todd says again. Nothing from Lisa and Dan.

As soon as I start the mantle onto the ledge I’m glad I didn’t skip that bolt. It’s a slightly rounded ledge with no crack in the back or jug above to help me pull onto it. Fortunately, once I’m there I am able to clip the next bolt.

I almost start crying right then and there because I’m safe. I only have to climb the slab above, where the distance between bolts assures me that the climbing is easier.

Not.

This isn’t runout 5.4. It isn’t even runout 5.8. This is runout 5.10 and it sucks. At least I’m climbing the bolted line a little more directly, I guess. I’ve got a bolt at my feet and a lowering climber to my right assuring a rising climber that she’s perfectly safe.

“You’re on toprope,” she says. “You can’t get hurt.”

I viciously want to tell her to shut up. I’m not on toprope. I can get hurt. “Stop mocking me,” I feel like screaming. No, it’s not that. It’s just that I want quiet. I want to be in my own space where I’m concentrating but not thinking, where the fear has gone away, where it’s only me and this small chunk of rock and the challenge it imposes on me, where falls are harmless because they aren’t going to happen.

I make each move individually, a little problem to solve. The fear is draining away. The bolts are only about 15 feet apart and the slab isn’t so low angle that I’m going to bounce down it. Evaluate the fall, accept it, then forget it.

Still, it is with great relief that I finally clip the anchors and lower off.

“I’m trying to decide if I should pull the rope,” Todd says.

I shake my head. “No one else needs to lead that route,” I say. I’m thinking more of the shaky ladder start than anything else but Todd has enough trouble unclipping to let me know that it wasn’t just my wingspan that made leading that route hard. In fact, looking at the pendulums he’s facing, I realize that I should have cleaned the draws on the way down.

Dan and Lisa wander back in from around the corner.

“We couldn’t watch,” Lisa tells me. “I can’t believe you got those bolts clipped.”

I’m surprised they didn’t warn me away from the route more strongly if they were really that worried, but I’m glad they didn’t.

We leave our rope up on Hammond Organ and go do Things as They Are which Lisa has put a rope on. Coincidentally, this is the 10c I’d had my eye on. It looks great, feels awful. I toprope it cleanly by the skin of my teeth and come down glad I led the 10d instead.

By the time Sunday rolls around, I haven’t taken a single lead fall. I watch Todd lead Holderness Arete (10b). He takes a long time at the crux before finally committing to some wildly powerful moves. I debate whether or not to pull the rope.

Barry on Holderness Arete (5.10b) at Rumney
Barry on Holderness Arete (5.10b) at Rumney

“I’m not saying you will fall . . ., ” Todd says.

It’s a clean fall, I tell myself, and bravely pull the rope. Once at the crux, I summon up all my conviction and everything I learned from watching Todd do it and swing around the corner into oblivion. Several pumpy moves later I find a bolt at my right hand and clip it. A few more moves and I’m standing at a no hands rest. I guess falling just isn’t in the cards for me this weekend.

Lisa says she’s never seen me climbing better. Todd suggests it’s the ten pounds I’ve lost. I mumble something about liking the rock at Rumney, but I think it’s really the bolts. Leading on bolts I have just enough fear to summon up my last ounce of strength to stay on, but not so much fear that I come off just from thinking about it.

Todd on Niki's Crack (5.11d)
Todd on Niki’s Crack (5.11d)
Would you date this man? Todd in a fashionable fur hat at the Rumney campground.
Would you date this man? Todd in a fashionable fur hat at the Rumney campground.
Barry on Niki's Crack (5.11d) at Rumney
Barry on Niki’s Crack (5.11d) at Rumney

Cannon

I trudge up the seemingly endless approach listening to Ben talk about which bits of which routes are now which piles of rubble, thinking that this is a little ironic considering that we’re all here today because Ben was trying to convince me that Cannon is perfectly safe.

We’re off to face my Moby Dick. I mean, we’re off to face Moby Grape. If I can lead 10d on bolts, then surely I can lead 5.8 on gear without having a panic attack, but I make no promises except to look at Reppy’s Crack when I get there.

“It looks like Klahanie Crack,” I say to Todd with relief, referring to a 5.7 I led at Squamish. Indeed, the low angle continuous crack is a friendly looking sight.

“If you lead it, you’re going to have to run it out a little,” he says.

“Why?” It’s crack all the way. Why couldn’t I sew it up?

Todd thinks it’s too big and that we don’t have enough gear in that size. Then why did we bring a 3 1/2 instead of a second #2? I argue. Besides, it doesn’t look that wide.

Ben and Dorcas go first. Ben looks pretty smooth but Dorcas struggles a little above the pod. Maybe Todd’s right. Maybe it is a bit wide.

“I know I could do it,” I say. Then I graciously give him the lead. Todd sails up it without hardly placing gear at all and then it’s my turn. Man, do my feet hurt. The foot jams are great but there’s something making them particularly painful today. I hit the pod and slither through it. There, that was supposed to be the crux and I haven’t done anything I couldn’t have led yet. A couple of elbow jams, sure, but not so bad.

And then comes the wide part. Not so wide, just off-hands for me. Yes, I’d have wanted a lot of gear there. And no, we weren’t carrying enough of it. Even though I don’t fall, I’m kind of glad I let Todd have this one.

The way Moby Grape stacks up, assuming you run the first two pitches together like pretty much everyone does, all the hard pitches go to the same person. Todd. Ha!

“You’re leading the triangle roof pitch,” Todd says when I hit the first belay.

“Why?”

“Because this one’s too easy for you.”

Sure enough, the second pitch is a 4th class scramble, though I keep seeing more interesting pieces of climbing hanging around. I even climb a short boulder with an off-width crack just to prove I can.

Todd re-leading the second pitch of Moby Grape to free our stuck rap rope
Todd re-leading the second pitch of Moby Grape to free our stuck rap rope

“I went more to the left,” Dorcas shouts down. How do I explain that maybe if I find some harder climbing on this pitch, Todd will relent and I won’t have to lead the Triangle Roof. Or maybe that’s not it. Maybe I’m just feeling strong and ready to move. Maybe I’m actually looking for a challenge instead of hiding from it.

I watch Ben lead the Triangle Roof. He’s a pretty tall guy and he’s not just blowing over it. He does have gear in up high though. I can do that. He pulls through it without falling and I start getting ready to bring Todd up and take my turn.

My turn. I put a piece in over the roof. It’s that stinking #2 size, which we only have one of, and which isn’t a happy size for me to jam to begin with. There’s a not-too-bad looking pin at my feet but I wouldn’t want to go bouncing down the slab so that it could catch me.

“I can only get one piece in,” I tell Todd. I know the piece is good. I’d be happy with one bolt. Why can’t I be happy with one cam?

The funny thing about all this lead head garbage that I’ve been going through is that it mostly seems to revolve around the image of gear pulling. This is without cause, in that I’ve only ever had once piece pull and that was a piece I put in blindly and then climbed up and down past and hung on about a half a dozen times without ever even stopping to look at it and then took a short but high fall factor fall onto, so let’s just say that I pretty much deserved to have that one pull. And anyway, that happened after the lead head thing started.

So why am I so afraid my gear is going to pull? I guess because of how often the phrase “pulled a piece” appears in accident reports. I know that the #2 Camalot I have over the roof is a good piece. But didn’t the leaders in those accident reports know that their pieces were good too? I’m no better than anyone else. Sooner or later a piece I’m trusting is going to let me down. It’s like a time bomb. Will it be this piece?

“Put one in down lower,” Todd suggests. Excellent idea. Below the roof the crack is smaller and I’m able to fit something else in. Now I can face the roof with my fear under control.

My first attempt at pulling the roof is a balk but on the second attempt I give up on jamming it, grab the lip of the crack, and layback for all I’m worth.

I don’t layback on lead any more than I heel hook. My worry is: how do you stop laybacking? Sure enough, I’m mostly over the roof, pumped, out of wall to press my feet against below me, with no way out. Safe fall. Don’t want to take it. My knee is pressing against something sharp – the point of the triangle. That’s it! I hook my entire knee over the point and I’m out of the layback.

I pull over the roof to cheers and flashbulbs, feeling like a hero. 5.8 trad; 5.10c sport. Isn’t it all the same?

Me safely over the Triangle Roof on the third pitch of Moby Grape at Cannon
Me safely over the Triangle Roof on the third pitch of Moby Grape at Cannon

In order to make sure that Todd gets the Fickle Finger of Fate pitch, I lead the next pitch as well. This is a purely enjoyable one with lots of interesting flakes, corners, and cracks up a series of detached-ish blocks, but don’t think about that part.

I’ve put in a piece and am just about to cruise up an interesting looking cracked block to the ledge when Ben calls me. I’m so absorbed in enjoying this lead that I didn’t even know they were up there. He warns me that I’m about to go too high and points out where I’m supposed to traverse right.

“Are you sure?” I ask repeatedly, first as I’m scoping it out and then as I’m halfway through it with one seriously thin Alien-protected move to make before I can reach this evil but bomber looking pointed flake. He’s sure.

“It’s a yellow Alien,” I tell myself, “which is almost a real cam.” I’d feel better if I weren’t going to swing onto it. Where’s my last piece? Not so bad. A Camalot Junior (love those guys) back in the corner. I’ll live. I do.

After all of that, it’s Todd’s turn. The funny thing is that the Fickle Finger of Fate is like ten feet tall. We could see it from the base of the route. I thought it would be huge. But it’s almost as though it hasn’t gotten any bigger as we’ve approached it and now that we’re here, it’s outright tiny.

Todd pulling over the Fickle Finger of Fate on Moby Grape at Cannon
Todd pulling over the Fickle Finger of Fate on Moby Grape at Cannon

OK, it’s a tiny, horrible off-width. Todd takes the left side and, lo and behold, the 3.5″ cam goes in, justifying our having dragged it up a talus field and 5 pitches. Todd makes quick work of the Finger and I follow cursing my pack and thinking that maybe I’d have preferred the right side, which Ben and Dorcas took.

This is where we get off. Through a convoluted series of negotiations we’ve all agreed to rap off from above the Finger. Unfortunately, it turns out that there’s not a fixed anchor here, but since we’ve left our approach shoes at the base we’re pretty committed to rapping.

I won’t describe the entire escapade. Suffice it to say that it involved leaving stuff behind and re-leading two pitches and that you should probably just save yourself some aggravation and walk off (although we did beat the party that had been above us back to the cars).

Over dinner Dorcas and Ben mention that they were surprised to see me coming over the Triangle Roof and I say, “aw shucks, I had gear at my waist.” Now if I could just get to the point where gear at my waist is the same thing as a bolt at my waist, if I could tap into the good side of fear when I’m trad climbing, like I can when I’m sport climbing, I’d have this whole leading thing wrapped up. I’m not there yet but I think I got a little bit closer this weekend.

Nemesis, be gone!

Tequila Mockingbird/Dry Martini: This is the third time I’ve been on one or the other or both of these routes and I don’t think I’ve ever actually been on either one of them. The intertwining lines with shared belays are too indistinct. Even Steven didn’t get it right.

Todd leads the first pitch of one, ending somewhere on the second pitch of the other, just below the bolt. I lead through to the top, doing the crux of the route with the bolt – this is easily identified by there being a bolt at the crux – and finishing on heaven knows what, but not bad climbing.

We’re somewhere in the vicinity of Snooky’s and what the hell? I’m tired of this route hanging over my head ever since I backed off it more than a year ago. Nemesis be gone.

I’ve already led the second pitch and with a three person party above us we don’t really feel like going to the top. This means stopping slightly below the end of the first pitch where there’s a fixed anchor, which I know means Steven won’t give me full marks for leading it (and indeed that last short section is a thinker), but I’ll be satisfied just to get the crux near the ground.

What a difference a year makes! Or maybe it’s just having Todd’s rack instead of Steven’s. I get a nut in, small but not hopelessly small, that I actually feel pretty good about and with that confidence booster I step up slightly and find that I’m able to get another small nut in.

“Don’t clip that till it’s at your waist,” Todd says.

Huh? Why in the world wouldn’t I clip this nut over my head? By the time it’s at my waist the move is over and I’m done. He thinks it’s not good enough to clip – just psychological gear unworthy of the rope out.

I look at it twice. I’m very happy with this piece. I clip it. I make the moves and sail through to the ledge, feeling good, great in fact.

There really used to be an anchor here. I’m sure of it. It’s going to be annoying if we have to go to the top, although the party ahead of us is moving quickly and we could aim for the line they’re taking instead of making up our own. Maybe they actually know where the second pitch goes.

“Is there a fixed anchor up there,” I call to the guy who’s been left behind. There is. So I lead the last section of the first pitch after all and poke my head over the smooth white rock to see a pair of bolts. Excellent.

“You cruised that,” the guy who’s been left behind says.

“Once I got past the sticky part,” I declaim modestly, but I feel victorious.

Mostly bouldering

On Monday, feeling a new confidence, I easily agree to leading Eyesore, a 5.6 with a typical so-NOT-5.6 start that I’ve led before. The route starts from the top of a sloping block with the crux being to leave the block. It takes a while for me to get in two pieces that both Todd and I can agree on. That is, he’s perfectly happy with the lower piece but I don’t want to tumble halfway down the slopey block and insist on finagling something in higher up. This might be an ideal spot for a slung hex, which we ain’t got none of. Finally I work in a cam that looks like it’ll hold and like it won’t cause the rope to cut over the edge of the diagonaling crack.

Once I’m off the ground the route is fun and just the right amount of challenge but so much for yesterday’s burgeoning confidence. I’m knocked back down a peg by the terror of starting this 6. Too afraid to fall these days, that’s the problem.

We toprope a couple of nearby 10s and then decide it’s time to put Todd’s new bouldering pad to some use other than as a cush spot to lie around on (although that seems to be the main thing boulderers use crashpads for).

Unfortunately, the V scale starts at V-too-hard-for-Dawn so we confine ourselves to routes with cruxes near the ground. Other requirements: they have to go straight up, no overhanging parts that necessitate being horizontal, and nice, flat landings. In other words, the kinds of problems that most boulderers would do without a pad. But we’re new to all this and I know neither how to fall nor how to spot.

After a few practice jumps off successively higher moves on a 5.9, we switch to the Gill Crack. Todd can do this short route/problem on toprope but I’ve never even gotten through the first move. We work it and work it. Our hands have worn spots from the necessary finger locks. I get higher then ever before but can’t commit to the crux. Finally, knowing I’ll fall, I commit. I fall. Not so bad, really. Not any worse than jumping was. I fall and fall, each time with more aplomb, but I never get it and eventually we have to quit before my fingers are worn all the way down to the bone.

We move our pad to Junior (5.9). The one time I was on this route before it took me half a dozen tries to get the tricky, reachy, balancy crux move. Now, with a pad beneath me rather than a rope above me, I ace it the first try. Uh oh. Now I have to jump from up here. Wheee! I know the rangers are laughing at me.

Laurel is next. Ever since the pin disappeared I’ve been loathe to lead this route, but I have no trouble “bouldering” it. This is kind of fun. I still don’t like the long jump back down but I have to admit that it’s painless. Now I’m thinking of leading Laurel again. With a bouldering pad beneath me, of course.